Better Aging

Vitamin D is essential for bone metabolism as it regulates calcium and phosphate levels. It also supports muscle function and plays a role in the immune system. A lack of vitamin D can lead to bone diseases such as osteoporosis, muscle weakness and other health problems. Adequate vitamin D intake can reduce the risk of falls in older people. Although our bodies produce vitamin D through exposure to sunlight, older people and those with certain medical conditions or taking medication are more at risk of a deficiency. Food sources: cod liver oil, fatty fish (herring, fresh tuna, salmon), liver (pork), eggs, cheese and fortified foods such as dairy products.

Parathyroid hormone is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands and plays a key role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. It acts directly on the bones and kidneys and indirectly on the intestines to stabilize the calcium level in the blood. When blood calcium levels are low, more PTH is released, which promotes the release of calcium from the bones and thus increases the risk of bone demineralization. Blood levels of parathyroid hormone should always be considered in conjunction with calcium levels to check the proper functioning of the calcium regulatory system.

Calcium is the main mineral in the human body. Most of it is stored in the bones and gives them stability. The remaining calcium supports various vital functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission and blood clotting. Calcium requirements vary according to age and certain phases of life such as pregnancy or breastfeeding. A lack of calcium can lead to various symptoms, from tingling in the fingers to serious bone problems such as osteoporosis. Too much calcium can also cause health problems, including constipation, kidney problems and impaired absorption of iron and zinc.

Phosphorus is an important mineral in the body, with much of it stored in the bones. It is not only important for bones, but also for many other functions in the body, such as energy production and DNA. A lack of phosphorus can lead to bone problems such as osteoporosis, especially in adults. Low levels of phosphorus in the blood can also lead to various symptoms, including bone pain and neurological problems.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in many body tissues and is particularly concentrated in bone and liver. It is produced by osteoblasts and plays a central role in the bone mineralization process. Bone-specific ALP measures bone regeneration and is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of conditions such as osteomalacia and osteoporosis, as well as other conditions with increased bone remodeling. It is an important tool to assess bone metabolism and response to certain treatments.

C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) is derived from the degradation of type I collagen, which forms the bulk of the organic bone matrix. When this type of collagen is degraded, CTX fragments are released into the bloodstream. The amount of CTX provides information about the current bone turnover and thus indications of bone metabolism.

P1NP is a product resulting from the cleavage of procollagen, which is produced by osteoblasts during bone secretion. An increased level of P1NP in the blood indicates increased bone remodeling and thus serves as a marker for bone formation.

5-HIAA is a major breakdown product of serotonin, often referred to as the 'good mood hormone'. Although the majority of serotonin is produced in the gut, it plays a central role in our brain by influencing our mood, satiety and sleep-wake cycle. Low serotonin levels can be associated with mood disorders such as depression. The amino acid tryptophan serves as the starting material for serotonin production.

HVA is a breakdown product of dopamine, an important neurotransmitter produced from the amino acid tyrosine. Dopamine is responsible for feelings of physical and mental well-being and influences heart rate and blood pressure. A lack of dopamine can lead to mood swings such as apathy and depression.

VMA is a major metabolite of adrenaline and noradrenaline, two key stress hormones that play a role in the 'fight or flight' response. These hormones help the body prepare for stressful situations by increasing heart rate and blood pressure and channeling energy to vital organs. Optimal hormone levels support mental alertness, learning, sociability and sex drive. However, too low levels can lead to listlessness, depression and reduced sex drive.

Creatinine in urine is an indicator of kidney and heart function.

5-HIAA is a major breakdown product of serotonin, often referred to as the 'good mood hormone'. Although the majority of serotonin is produced in the gut, it plays a central role in our brain by influencing our mood, satiety and sleep-wake cycle. Low serotonin levels can be associated with mood disorders such as depression. The amino acid tryptophan serves as the starting material for serotonin production.

HVA is a breakdown product of dopamine, an important neurotransmitter produced from the amino acid tyrosine. Dopamine is responsible for feelings of physical and mental well-being and influences heart rate and blood pressure. A lack of dopamine can lead to mood swings such as apathy and depression.

VMA is a major metabolite of adrenaline and noradrenaline, two key stress hormones that play a role in the 'fight or flight' response. These hormones help the body prepare for stressful situations by increasing heart rate and blood pressure and channeling energy to vital organs. Optimal hormone levels support mental alertness, learning, sociability and sex drive. However, too low levels can lead to listlessness, depression and reduced sex drive.

Creatinine in urine is an indicator of kidney and heart function.

Serotonin, often referred to as the ‘good mood hormone,’ is mainly produced in the gut and to a lesser extent in the brain. It influences intestinal motility and plays a central role in mood regulation, the feeling of hunger and the sleep-wake cycle. A lack of serotonin can lead to depression, anxiety, aggression and changes in appetite, sexual and cognitive function.

Dopamine, made from the amino acid tyrosine, is a neurotransmitter that is active in the areas of the brain that control emotions and feelings of reward, and promotes feelings of pleasure. It can also influence heart rate and blood pressure. Low levels of dopamine can lead to lack of motivation, apathy, depression, stress and poor diet.

Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is produced in response to intense physical or psychological stimuli. It plays a central role in the body’s ‘fight or flight’ response and controls various functions such as blood vessel tone, intestinal activity, insulin production and glycogen breakdown in the liver. Noradrenaline also influences blood pressure, heart rate and blood flow to various organs. It can be converted into adrenaline in the adrenal medulla and thus has a direct influence on many physical processes.

Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is produced by the adrenal medulla and acts in the sympathetic nervous system. It prepares the body for dangerous situations or stress, a reaction known as the ‘fight or flight’ response. While it inhibits the gastrointestinal tract and sexual arousal, it promotes airway dilation and increases heart rate, blood pressure and energy supply to major organs. Adrenaline affects almost all body tissues and at optimal concentrations it promotes waking, learning, social interactions and sex drive. However, too low concentrations can cause symptoms such as withdrawal, demotivation, depression and reduced libido.

Iron is an essential (vital) element for our body and has a variety of functions. An iron deficiency can impair physical performance, weaken the immune system and have a negative impact on the nervous system. An iron deficiency goes through various stages: first the iron reserves are depleted, then there are signs of an insufficient iron supply in the body and in the final stage anemia can occur as the hemoglobin concentration in the blood drops. Food sources: Iron-rich foods include offal, dried legumes, meat (especially red meat), fish products, dried and oily fruits, whole-grain products, leafy vegetables and chicken eggs. Iron from meat and fish (heme iron) is more bioavailable than iron from plant sources and dairy products (non-heme iron).

A fat-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in bone metabolism by regulating calcium and phosphate levels. It supports muscle health, influences insulin production and strengthens the immune system, especially against upper respiratory tract infections. A lack of vitamin D can lead to problems in the skeletal and muscular system and increase the risk of high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance. Older people, people with certain medical conditions and those taking certain medications are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. Food sources: Good natural sources of vitamin D are cod liver oil, fatty fish such as herring, fresh tuna and salmon, and liver (pork). Vitamin D is also found in eggs and cheese, but in smaller quantities. In some countries, vitamin D is specifically added to foods such as dairy products to increase intake.

Vitamin B9, also known as folate/folic acid, plays an important role in various body processes. A vitamin B9 deficiency can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, certain forms of dementia, cognitive disorders and osteoporosis. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency are similar to those of vitamin B12 deficiency and include anemia, digestive problems and memory loss. Older people are generally more susceptible to folate deficiency. Food sources: liver, kidney, brewer's yeast, breakfast cereals, asparagus, broccoli, artichokes, spinach, broad beans, peas, whole wheat bread, whole wheat pasta, oranges, kiwis, strawberries, and foods fortified with folate.

Also known as cobalamin, plays an important role in metabolism and supports processes such as the conversion of homocysteine, a molecule that can be linked to health problems in excessive amounts in the blood. A deficiency can cause symptoms such as anemia, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, tongue inflammation, nausea, digestive problems and abdominal pain. Older people, vegans and smokers in particular should ensure that they have a sufficient intake. Food sources: mainly found in offal such as liver, fish, seafood, egg yolk and Parmesan cheese. Meat and milk contain smaller amounts. Some algae also provide vitamin B12, and many commercially available products are now fortified with B12.

Is an iron-containing protein and the main form of iron storage in the body. The ferritin level measured in the blood provides information about the iron reserves in the body. These reserves serve to prevent iron deficiency and protect the body from anemia. However, if the iron reserves are depleted, symptoms such as tiredness, weakness, dizziness, headaches and pallor may occur.

Saturation of transferrin

BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) is a molecule that is crucial for the development and survival of brain cells. Elevated BDNF levels protect against memory problems and the aging process of the brain. Low levels are seen in depression and susceptibility to stress. BDNF can be influenced by exercise, omega-3 fatty acids and certain substances. Food sources: fish, liver, celery, broccoli, cauliflower, nuts, shrimp, chickpeas, blueberries and green tea

Functions as a free-radical scavenger by neutralizing free radicals and rendering them harmless. It also helps to detoxify the body, especially by removing harmful substances such as hydrogen peroxide. Glutathione is an important antioxidant found in the cells of our body. It plays a crucial role in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells, proteins and DNA.

There are two forms of glutathione: reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Reduced glutathione (GSH) is the active and protective form, while oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is the inactive form.

Reduced/total glutathione ratio:
The ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to total glutathione is an important indicator of cell health. In normal healthy cells, reduced GSH makes up the majority of glutathione, which is needed for oxidative stress protection and detoxification. In certain diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, this ratio can be low. A lack of glutathione can also be genetic and lead to various health problems.

Reduced glutathione (GSH):
Sn important substance in our cells that helps to neutralize harmful oxygen molecules. These molecules can damage cells. GSH protects our cells from this damage and also plays a role in inflammatory processes in the body. It is therefore important for our health. If there is too little GSH, this can lead to problems.

Oxidized glutathione (GSSG):
A form of glutathione that can release electrons and must be converted back into its protective form by the enzyme glutathione reductase. High GSSG levels can indicate severe oxidative stress and possibly neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

Total Glutathione (Total)

Prealbumin is a protein produced in the liver that is responsible for the transportation of vitamin A and a thyroid hormone called thyroxine in the body. Low levels can be caused by a variety of reasons, including malnutrition, disease, medications and other conditions.

Albumin is a major protein in the blood that is made by the liver. It has many functions, including maintaining proper pressure in the blood vessels, transporting various substances in the body, and helping to maintain acid-base balance.

C-reactive protein (CRP for short) is an inflammatory marker that is produced in the liver. When there is inflammation in the body, the CRP level in the blood often rises rapidly. For example, CRP levels can rise after injuries, autoimmune diseases, infections or heart attacks. It is interesting to note that an increase in CRP can often be noticed before other typical symptoms such as fever or pain occur. CRP is also used to monitor the condition of people with long-term inflammatory diseases or to check how well a therapy is working.

Acidic alpha 1-glycoprotein is a protein produced in the liver. It serves as an indication of inflammation in the body. If its level rises in the blood, this can indicate various health problems such as infections, cancer, heart attacks, inflammation or even after operations and burns. It is one of the so-called acute-phase proteins that become active during physical reactions to injury or illness.

The PINI index combines various blood values to assess a patient’s nutritional and inflammatory status. It uses values such as albumin and prealbumin, which indicate nutritional status, and C-reactive protein and acidic alpha1-glycoprotein, which indicate inflammation. An imbalanced PINI index can indicate nutritional problems, inflammation or both, and is particularly helpful in identifying individuals who may be at increased risk of complications.

BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) is a molecule that is crucial for the development and survival of brain cells. Elevated BDNF levels protect against memory problems and the aging process of the brain. Low levels are seen in depression and susceptibility to stress. BDNF can be influenced by exercise, omega-3 fatty acids and certain substances. Food sources: fish, liver, celery, broccoli, cauliflower, nuts, shrimp, chickpeas, blueberries and green tea.

 EPA and DHA are omega-3 fatty acids that fulfill important functions in the body. They are precursors of anti-inflammatory molecules and contribute to the maintenance of a healthy nervous system and good heart health. The main sources of EPA and DHA are fatty fish such as salmon and tuna. Plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids include beans, flaxseed, nuts and soybean oil. A balanced diet with the right nutrients is important for the conversion of ALA into EPA and DHA. Food sources: fatty fish such as cod, tuna, salmon, trout, sole, squid, octopus and shrimp; plant sources such as beans, flaxseed, nuts and soybean oil.

GLA is an anti-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acid. Food sources: evening primrose oil, borage oil, hemp oil.

Vitamin D has a variety of functions in the body. It regulates calcium and phosphate levels for healthy bones and has a positive effect on muscle function and the immune system. Vitamin D is also important for the brain as it is involved in several neurological functions. It plays a role in the formation and function of neurotransmitters, the brain’s chemical messengers that are crucial for communication between nerve cells. The body can produce vitamin D through sun exposure, but certain populations are at higher risk for deficiency. Food sources: Good food sources include cod liver oil and fatty fish such as salmon, tuna and herring. Some foods are also artificially fortified with vitamin D, such as dairy products.

Also known as cobalamin, it is important because it helps to convert a substance called homocysteine into another substance called methionine. This is an important chemical reaction in the body that is necessary for various metabolic processes. A lack of vitamin B12 can lead to too much homocysteine in the blood, which can cause health problems. A lack of vitamin B12 can also lead to skin problems, hair loss and brittle nails, as vitamin B12 contributes to cell division and regeneration.

People on a vegan diet, older people and smokers are particularly at risk. Sources of vitamin B12 are limited in plant foods, apart from some algae. Food source: offal (liver) (highest concentration of vitamin B12).

An important mineral that plays a key role in many bodily functions, including cell growth, gene regulation and protection against oxidative stress. A deficiency of zinc can lead to various health problems, including taste and odor disorders, hair loss and immune problems. Food sources: meat (especially liver and beef), eggs, fish, cereals, milk. Note that the bioavailability of zinc in plant foods may be limited by phytic acids. Some plant sources rich in zinc are wheat bran, legumes and nuts.

Iron is an essential (vital) mineral that is important for many bodily functions. It plays a key role in oxygen transport, enzymatic reactions and the immune system. An iron deficiency can lead to fatigue and anemia. Iron plays an important role in skin metabolism and in hair and nail formation. Iron deficiency can lead to various problems such as pale skin, dry and brittle skin, hair loss, brittle, brittle nails and delayed growth of hair and nails. Food sources: Good sources of iron are offal, meat, fish, legumes and whole grains. Iron from animal sources is better absorbed than from plant sources, which are significantly less bioavailable.

An iron-containing protein that is the main storage form of iron in the body. The amount of ferritin released into the blood gives an indication of the iron reserves in the body, and a lack of iron can lead to anemia, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness and dizziness. Ferritin also plays an important role in skin, hair and nails, as a lack of iron can lead to symptoms such as hair loss, brittle nails and deteriorating skin health.

EPA and DHA are omega-3 fatty acids that reduce inflammation, protect the nervous system and promote heart health. They are also important for skin, hair and nails as they reduce inflammation and promote overall health. This can lead to better skin quality, stronger nails and shinier hair. They are mainly found in oily fish such as salmon. Plant sources such as flax and chia seeds are also important. Food sources: oily fish (salmon, tuna), linseed, chia seeds.

Biotin is important for various metabolic processes in the body, including fatty acid metabolism and gene expression. A lack of biotin can lead to skin problems, hair loss, changes in fat metabolism and other health problems. Sources: liver, egg yolk, dried fruit, spinach, legumes, fish, shellfish, meat and whole-grain products.

An anti-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acid that plays a particular role in skin and joint inflammation. Food sources: evening primrose oil, borage oil, hemp seed and oil, oat and barley grains.

An essential metal found in bones, organs such as the liver and pancreas, and to a lesser extent in muscle tissue and blood plasma. Manganese is important for the activity of enzymes that regulate various metabolic processes, as well as for the stabilization of enzymes and structural proteins. Manganese deficiency can lead to various symptoms, including hypocholesterolemia and bone demineralization. It has been observed that manganese and calcium compete with each other in absorption, while high manganese intake can inhibit the absorption of iron. Good food sources: plant foods such as wheat germ, bran and dried nuts.

Glutathione is an important antioxidant found in the cells of our body. It plays a crucial role in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells, proteins and DNA. Glutathione functions as a free-radical scavenger by neutralizing free radicals and rendering them harmless. It also helps to detoxify the body, especially by removing harmful substances such as hydrogen peroxide. There are two forms of glutathione: reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Reduced glutathione (GSH) is the active and protective form, while oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is the inactive form.

Reduced/total glutathione ratio:
The ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to total glutathione is an important indicator of cell health. In normal healthy cells, reduced GSH makes up the majority of glutathione, which is needed for oxidative stress protection and detoxification. In certain diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, this ratio can be low. A lack of glutathione can also be genetic and lead to various health problems.

Reduced glutathione (GSH):
An important substance in our cells that helps to neutralize harmful oxygen molecules. These molecules can damage cells. GSH protects our cells from this damage and also plays a role in inflammatory processes in the body. It is therefore important for our health. If there is too little GSH, this can lead to problems.

Oxidized glutathione (GSSG):
A form of glutathione that can release electrons and must be converted back into its protective form by the enzyme glutathione reductase. High GSSG levels can indicate severe oxidative stress and possibly neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

Total glutathione (Total)

A powerful antioxidant that is found particularly in energy-intensive tissues such as the heart and the liver. A deficiency can impair energy production and the ability to fight free radicals. It plays an important role in heart health and energy supply.

A fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes and lipoproteins from oxidation and also has regulatory functions in cellular processes. A deficiency can cause neurological and muscular symptoms and is often associated with fat malabsorption. Food sources: seed oils, nuts and green leafy vegetables.

Carotenoids are plant pigments with antioxidant properties that can neutralize free radicals in the human body. They are also precursors of vitamin A and play an important role in eye health, particularly in protecting against macular degeneration and cataracts. A deficiency can lead to skin and eye problems, while an overdose can lead to a harmless yellowing of the skin. They must be ingested through food as the body cannot produce them itself.

A provitamin with antioxidant properties that protects the skin from sun damage, strengthens the immune system, has an antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effect and can prevent cardiovascular disease. Food sources: green plants, carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach.

It has a protective effect on the eye and vision, reducing the risk of macular degeneration and cataracts without acting as a provitamin A. Food sources: green plants, corn, potatoes, spinach, carrots.

A powerful antioxidant without provitamin function, responsible for the red color of tomatoes. Food sources: tomatoes and products derived from them, carrots, apricots, pink grapefruit.

Both types of fatty acids can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes if consumed in excessive amounts. Saturated fatty acids are naturally present in many foods, while trans fatty acids are often found in industrially processed foods. A balanced ratio is important for health and includes the following analyses:

Myristic acid:
Excessive levels increase cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Sources: coconut oil, milk, butter.

Palmitic acid:
Excessive levels increase cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Sources: palm oil, milk, butter.

Stearic acid:
Can lower cholesterol levels, but could also weaken the immune system. Sources: chocolate, meat, lard, butter.

Trans-linoleic acid:
Has positive effects such as weight reduction, protection against arteriosclerosis and diabetes, as well as negative effects such as increased risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and insulin resistance. Sources: beef, whole milk.

Trans-palmitoleic acid:
Good for the heart and metabolism, increases ‘good’ cholesterol and lowers fat levels in the blood and inflammation. Not produced by the body. Sources: dairy products and meat.

Trans-oleic acid: 
Can lower HDL cholesterol and is the main component in industrially processed vegetable oils. Sources: red meat, cow’s and goat’s milk.

These fatty acids are important for inflammatory reactions and nerve functions. They cannot be produced by the body and must therefore be obtained from food. A balanced ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 is crucial for health. These include the following analyses:

Linoleic acid:
This omega-6 fatty acid can lower cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular risk. However, it is also a precursor to arachidonic acid, which can have pro-inflammatory effects. Food sources: grapeseed oil, poppy seed oil, sunflower oil, hemp oil.

Gamma-linolenic acid:
Fatty acid with anti-inflammatory effects. Low levels are often measured in chronic inflammatory diseases of the skin and joints. Food sources: evening primrose oil, borage oil, hemp oil.

Dihomogammalinolenic acid:
This fatty acid is produced from gamma-linolenic acid and has anti-inflammatory, vasodilating and blood-thinning effects. Food sources: evening primrose oil, borage oil, hemp oil.

Arachidonic acid (ARA):
This fatty acid is mainly found in animal products and promotes inflammation. Too much of it can increase the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. Sources: red and white meat, sole, liver.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA):
This plant-based omega-3 fatty acid has an anti-inflammatory effect and protects the heart, brain and metabolism. Food sources: beans, lentils, nuts, corn, soybean oil.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA):
This fatty acid has an anti-inflammatory and protective effect on the heart and nervous system. It could reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Food sources: calamari, sole, squid, shrimp.

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA):
This omega-3 fatty acid can improve insulin resistance, especially in type 2 diabetes patients. Food sources: cod, pelamids, tuna, sole, trout.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA):
This omega-3 fatty acid is important for brain plasticity and can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Food sources: cod, pelamids, tuna, sole, trout.

Total Omega 3:
Total amount of omega-3 fatty acids, important for brain and heart health. Sources: cod, sardine, tuna, sole, trout.

Total Omega 6:
Total amount of omega-6 fatty acids, important for inflammatory reactions and cell function. Food sources: grapeseed oil, poppy seed oil, sunflower oil, hemp oil.

These fatty acids are not essential to life, but can provide health benefits. They can lower cholesterol levels and promote heart health. The main source is extra virgin olive oil rich in oleic acid. They can also act as a substitute for saturated fatty acids (SFA) to improve blood lipid levels and insulin resistance.

Palmitoleic acid:
An omega-7 fatty acid that can raise LDL cholesterol levels and lower HDL levels. Recent studies show a possible positive effect on liver and muscle insulin sensitivity. Food sources: macadamia nuts, sea buckthorn oil.

Oleic acid:
An omega-9 fatty acid that can lower blood cholesterol levels. Food sources: olive oil, avocado, nuts.

It is important to look not only at individual fatty acid values but also at their ratios to each other to ensure a balanced fatty acid profile in the body.

Omega 6/ Omega 3 ratio:
This ratio is crucial for assessing the risk of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. An ideal ratio would be 1:1 or 1:2, but in Western diets it is often 15:1, which is considered risky. An unbalanced ratio can be attributed to low fish consumption and high consumption of vegetable oils. Both the ratio and the absolute amount of omega-3 and omega-6 are important for health.

Omega 3 index:
This value indicates the proportion of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in the red blood cells. A low value indicates a diet with little fish or an inefficient metabolism of alpha-linolenic acid. A high omega-3 index is often considered positive for heart health.

ARA/EPA ratio:
This ratio is an important indicator of the state of inflammation in the body. It shows whether pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory substances are being produced, as both fatty acids are processed by the same enzymes. An unbalanced ratio can indicate health problems.

Polyunsaturated/saturated ratio:
This ratio is important for assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other chronic conditions. High levels of saturated fatty acids are risky, while polyunsaturated fatty acids can have a protective effect. A balanced ratio is therefore beneficial to health.

Copper is an essential metal that plays a role in numerous body processes, including cellular respiration, ATP production, antioxidant processes and iron metabolism. It supports the development of nerve, connective and bone tissue, plays a role in the immune system and in the formation of red blood cells. A copper deficiency can be caused by certain diseases, pregnancy or the intake of other minerals (such as iron and zinc). Symptoms of deficiency include anemia, osteoporosis, neurological symptoms and weakening of the immune system. Food sources: liver, fishery products, dried nuts. Meat, eggs, milk and dairy products tend to contain little copper, while wholemeal products and pulses contain small amounts. The copper content in drinking water is generally low, but can increase due to corrosion of pipes

Zinc is an essential (vital) mineral for the body that plays a role in many cellular processes. It supports gene regulation, is involved in antioxidant processes and plays a key role in cell division, especially in fast-growing tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. Zinc is also important for brain function and the production of insulin. It helps regulate thyroid function. A lack of zinc can lead to skin problems, growth retardation and immune and nervous system disorders. Food sources: meat (especially liver and beef), eggs, fish, cereals, milk, wheat bran, dried pulses, dried nuts and certain cereals.

Selenium is a vital mineral found in many of our body's enzymes. It protects us from oxidation damage, supports the function of our thyroid gland and strengthens the immune system. In particular, it is involved in the conversion of a certain thyroid hormone. A lack of selenium can make our blood cells more susceptible to damage, impair normal thyroid function and weaken the immune system. Food sources: offal, fish products, lamb, pork, meat in general, dried nuts such as cashews, pistachios and nuts. The selenium content in drinking water varies depending on the soil conditions

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that converts harmful oxygen molecules in the body into harmless hydrogen peroxide. This helps to reduce oxidative damage in the cells. The enzyme is important for combating inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases and aging processes. It plays an important role in general well-being and helps to maintain balance in the body, especially in older people, smokers and athletes

Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is a protective enzyme in our bodies that helps convert harmful compounds like hydrogen peroxide into water. There are different forms of this enzyme that can break down different harmful substances. GPX is crucial for the defense against cell damage caused by free radicals and prevents damage to our cell membranes through peroxidation. The effectiveness of this enzyme is closely linked to the level of selenium in the body

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood. A small portion of hemoglobin can bind with glucose, creating glycated hemoglobin. When blood glucose levels are elevated, the proportion of this glycated hemoglobin also increases. By measuring HBA-1c, a form of glycated hemoglobin, the average blood glucose level over the last 2–3 months can be determined.